Abuse of power in Gullivers travels - 1707 Words

Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels presents a narrator, Lemuel Gulliver, who recounts his various sea voyages to fantastical lands. During each voyage, Gulliver encounters different societies and customs to which Gulliver must adjust to. in order to be accepted into their society The entire novel serves as a commentary on how people everywhere have a tendency to abuse the power given to them. Gulliver’s first voyage is to Lilliput. The ship that Gulliver travels on capsizes, and Gulliver finds himself on a strange unknown island. He falls asleep, and upon waking up, Gulliver finds himself surrounded and bound by numerous little people who come to be known as the Lilliputians. Gulliver describes the strange people who bound him as being†¦show more content†¦Goldstein points out that, â€Å"Criticizing institutions and human natures tendency to trust those who wield political authority, Swift condemns our reluctance to safeguard our freedom. Swift expose s submissiveness and its consequence: a loss of liberty,† (iv). Gulliver trusts the Emperor due to the political power he wields without questioning what agreeing to these articles mean for himself. Altogether, these articles which allow Gulliver ‘freedom’, are just a way of further enslaving him, and making sure that Lilliput can abuse the power of Gulliver whenever they so choose. The controversy over the proper way to crack an egg is a way of addressing an abuse of power. A rule was enacted to determine the proper side to crack an egg on after a particular incident: It is allowed on all hands, that the primitive way of breaking Eggs before we eat them, was upon the larger End: But his present Majesty’s Grandfather, while he was a Boy, going to eat an Egg, and breaking it according to the ancient Practice, happened to cut one of his Fingers. Whereupon the Emperor his father published an Edict, commanding all his Subjects, upon great Penaltys, to break the smaller End of their Eggs. (40-41) The manner in which people eat their eggs does not really matter in the grand scheme of things. This incident displays an abuse of power because the Emperor used his power to decree howShow MoreRelatedOroonoko and Gullivers Travels Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesOroonoko and Gulliver’s Travels By Melissa Eason Mrs. Sarbani Bose Eng 232-69 February 18, 2011 Oroonoko and Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels and Oroonoko shatter the myth that European culture was more civilized than â€Å"newly discovered† savage countries. The most prominent examples in Oroonoko are their treatment of the slaves and how they are punished. In Gulliver’s Travels the evidence revolves around how petty, destructive, illogical, and unreasonable human beings act. ThoughRead MoreJonathan Swift s Literary Canon Of Politically And Comically Prolific Satires996 Words   |  4 Pagesof editor of the Tory newspaper The Examiner (Cody). â€Å"But Swift did not thereby renounce his essentially Whiggish convictions regarding the nature of government. The old Tory theory of the divine right of kings had no claim upon him. The ultimate power, he insisted, derived from the people as a whole and, in the English constitution, had come to be exercised jointly by king, lords, and commons† (Quintana). Through his many articles and pamphlets that were written in defense of Tory policies, SwiftRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels 1933 Words   |  8 PagesCameron Aiello Professor Lund Final Paper 14 May 2017 Throughout all of Jonathan Swift’s writings there are many commonalities. One in particular that stands out is the use of satire throughout both â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels†, which tells the story of a series of voyages of Lemuel Gulliver’s published in 1726, and â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, where Swift uses the idea of cannibalism to captivate his audience as well as focus on society’s problems. Throughout Swift’s life, politics and religion had a huge impactRead MoreEssay About Gullivers Travels5646 Words   |  23 Pagesgovernment fell out of power in 1714 and Swift, despite his fame for his writings, fell out of favor. Swift, who had been hoping to be assigned a position in the Church of England, instead returned to Dublin, where he became the dean of St. Patrick’s. During his brief time in England, Swift had become friends with writers such as Alexander Pope, and during a meeting of their literary club, the Martinus Scriblerus Club, they decided to write satires of modern learning. Gulliver’s Travels was a controversialRead MoreScience and morality1323 Words   |  6 Pagesfulfill a morbid curiosity hold little place in society. In Gulliver’s Travels, the scientists Swift describes at the Academy have no regard for human life. They conduct experiments with little practical purpose in order to satisfy their own interests. This lack of respect for scientific development and its implications marks a danger for society. Such indifference to the repercussions of scientific experiment will lead to an abuse of power, because without a moral conscience to reign in scientificRead MoreEssay about Jonathan Swift1794 Words   |  8 Pagesabout to come. Swift had the power to easily implement new ideas and insights into people with his writings. A great satirist has explicit convictions about right and wrong, but he must be able to make these convictions sound convincing in words. Swift had a sharp perception into the delusions and hopes of peoples everyday lives, so he often filtered his ideas through characters and tales that were easy for common people to relate to. When we read Gullivers Travels, it almost seems like a straightforwardRead MoreWhat Divided Whigs and Tories in the Reigns of William Iii and Queen Anne (1688-1714)?2936 Words   |  12 Pagesbegun- and would last for over two decades. The two major parties- the Whigs and the Tories took shape and began to battle each other for power and influence. To succeed they would have to earn favour with William who had the exclusive power of appointing ministry[3]. Despite theoretically being a joint ruler with his wife Mary in reality William held all executive power.  "If the purse was the lever by which Parliament controlled the King,† writes Mark Kishlansky â€Å"party was the lever by which the KingRead More Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 Pagesthe control. Later Trotsky was exiled and in 1929 he was deported. In 1940 he was assassinated. During this period, Stalin always denounced Trotsky as a traitor (Ball, 1929).In the following years, Russia witnessed that Stalin started to take all power only in his hands. In 1930s, many people were arrested. After public trials most of the opposing elements were eliminated.Stalin has been accused of being a very cruel dictator. However, Nikita Khrushchev, who ruled USSR between 1958-1964 andRead MoreThe Portrayal of Childhood in Jane Eyre2270 Words   |  10 Pagesfeels when she meets Helen Burns, or the Rivers family. The book shows a lot of independence and power that Jane has, and with this independence she tries to make something of herself, and break the social hierarchy. Parallel to this is Charlotte BrontÃÆ' «s own life, because of two main things. Firstly, she wrote the book about Jane and her independence and will power, which in the 1800s were not the types of books people wrote about. In that day, the focus of books

A Research Methods Used By Psychologists - 955 Words

Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations are a few research methods used by psychologists to facilitate the understanding of behavior. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages that are used in particular research scenarios. Techniques like observation or interactions between the researcher and the subject(s) such as extensive interviews to restrained experiments are what some research methods heavily rely on to be validated. A case study involves in-depth research and documentation of one person or more than one person. Researchers gain a large insight into the case when it’s not as many people compared to surveys, which is one of its strengths. The advantages of a case study are a deeper understanding of the patient, and the researcher doesn’t ‘t have to do anything against his or her ethics. The disadvantages of a case study are time consumption, and it’s hard to generalize since case studies are usually unique cases unlike anything else. Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations are all descriptive research methods, since they cannot make predictions or determine causality. Naturalistic observation is observing behavior in an open, relaxed environment. This method allows a researcher to watch someone’s uninhibited reactions compared to surveys or case surveys where you can answer truthfully or untruthfully. The strengths of naturalistic observations are better generalizing, subjects are comfortable which adds to higher degree of realismShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Research Methodology1135 Words   |  5 PagesFundamentals of Research Methodology Monique Vann PSYCH 540 March 24, 2013 Jeanne Henry, Ph.D. Fundamentals of Research Methodology This paper will explore the fundamentals of research methodology in the Psychology field and discuss the importance of psychology. The answers to these questions are the basis for the theories that led to research. Research is the groundwork performed by Psychologists in order to answer questions about behavior and the mind. The outcome of the research will offerRead More Investigative Psychology Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesAs stated by Bartol and Bartol (2008), investigative psychology is the application of psychological research and principles to the investigation of criminal behavior (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Investigative psychology is closely associated with criminal profiling, but there are other areas in which a forensic psychologist can participate in this particular subspecialty. An investigative psychologist maybe asked to perform a psychological autopsy, forensic hypnosis, or produce a geographical mappingRead MoreOrganizational Psychology Paper714 Words   |  3 Pa gesPsychology As organizations grow and expand globally, the growing number of business competitors who provide the same services becomes greater. Organizational psychologists are a benefit to organizational success, regardless of size. Organizational Psychologists can offer fresh ideas for improvement using various methods of study and research. One important step in understanding the people within an organization is to understand their behavior. How employees behave within an organization has anRead MoreQuantitative Research. Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagessearch things out. Qualitative research focuses on deeper issues and asked the questions of how, when and why people do things. Quantitative research behaves in a quantified since and assigns numerical values to responses and measure statics. With this said Proverbs, the bible verse, supports that research methods can be Godly. I interpret that verse as meaning that it is important to know and confirm in your mind that you know somethin g, but it is better to research the topic in a biblical sinceRead MoreContemporary Approaches to Psychology768 Words   |  4 Pagesand human behavior to the environment to which they are exposed. The purpose of psychologists studying the behavior of their â€Å"subjects†, or the people or animals being observed or tested, is to find four main things. These goals are to describe, explain, predict, and/or influence the subject’s behavior. Contemporary psychologists go about their research with six main methods of study. These contemporary methods of study are Psychoanalytic Psychology, Behavioral Psychology, Humanistic PsychologyRead MoreEmpirical And Objective Methods Of Investigation857 Words   |  4 PagesPsychologists use a variety of research methods in psychological investigations which help try to discover facts and data by using systematic and objective methods of investigation to support their psychological theory. Data can be collected in two forms; quantitative (in the form of numbers e.g. time) and qualitative (in a descriptive form e.g. verbal reports about how participants feel). In experimental investigations, the independent variable (IV) and dependant variable (DV) are investigatedRead MoreI/O Psychology Paper788 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology can be used in organizations and it focuses on the employees performance and how to make it better. The report will include the role of research and statis tics in I/O psychology. The evolution of I/O psychology started in the twentieth century. Industrial and organizational psychology states; â€Å"I/O psychology is a twentieth century invention, with roots in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It has existed almost from the beginning of the psychology field.† Experimental psychologists were interestedRead MoreA Research Project On Food And Nutrition, Watching Jamie s School Dinners Documentary Series, And Internet Research1678 Words   |  7 PagesMy research project question was inspired by my overweight friend in year 5, who used to purchase lunch orders from the school canteen every day. Studying Stage 2 Nutrition lead me to become further intrigued by this topic and drew me to question how the school canteen could have contributed to friend’s weight issues and why some canteens are still less inclined to act on the issue of obesity than other school canteens. My research into this topic consisted of two interviews, a primary school surveyRead MoreOrganizational Psychology Paper Psy 428924 Words   |  4 Pagescustomers therefore having a positive effect on everyone. (Jex, 2008). An industrial-organizational psychologist studies different aspects of the work environment, such as leadership, job satisfaction, on the job stress, and communication among employees. An industrial-organizational psychologist is brought in by organizations as consultants to solve particular problems. They apply research methods and psychological principles to improve productivity, management and marketing problems, as well asRead MoreResearch, Statistics, and Psychology Paper984 Words   |  4 PagesResearch, Statistics, and Psychology Paper PSY 315 Research, Statistics, and Psychology Paper Two important factors of psychology and studying it are statistics and research. This paper will explain what research is and the scientific method. This paper will also explain how research is important to psychology. When a researcher does studies on psychology they receive data from the subjects, they are studying. In any type of research there are two major types of data, they are primary data and

Coursework The Great Experiment Free Essays

Feynman leaned back in his expensive vintage leather chair brought over from his home in Huston Texas. He knew it had been an indulgence even mildly pompous but he was about to solve the question of life and he figured he could afford some indulgence. He looked over his left shoulder out through a huge custom built glass screen along the whole left wall of his office at his magnificent baby. We will write a custom essay sample on Coursework The Great Experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was no ordinary baby. His baby had taken 20 years and 4. 5 billion dollars to come into life and yesterday it had. It had been with great pride that he had finally thrown the switch that had started its working life. A lot of critics and flat earthers had expressed deep set opposition to the world’s greatest and most expensive experiment. But Feynman himself had no doubts whatsoever; he had won a Nobel Prize for the theory behind the experiment and had managed its construction from the start. If there was a problem he would have known and he had every confidence in not only his own work but also the combined intellect of thousands of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians. The project had attracted the crime de la crime of the world’s best. He looked again through his panoramic glass wall at the machine itself, In fact he was only looking at one critical part of the machine. Alice was the name given to the huge Atlas detector that was the heart of the machine and the project. Its purpose was nothing less than to answer the question why do we have mass? It would finally prove there was no God. The only God Feynman believed in was Physics and higher maths. His 46 meter seven thousand ton Alice was to him a beautiful construction. The collider itself of which Alice was merely only a part stretched out over 26 kilometres running in a circle underneath the border between Switzerland and France at a depth of 100 meters. Like a giant hidden crop circle the machine was the biggest of its kind anywhere in the world. The complexity of the machine was incredible, millions of wires each vital stretched into the distance, thousands of components melded together in this creation of all creations. But it was mans creation, Feynman’s creation. His very own version of intelligent design. The concept that the creationists had for so long held onto. Feynman looked down at the first data reserved for his eyes only. He was the only man that knew , he would have to tell them. His heart rate quickened, he began to sweat, he began to feel a rising bile, he began to realise what he had done, what they had done. There had always been a theoretical possibility of course but it always had seemed so ridiculous. The maths just didn’t work. Feynman and his team had laughed about it over the years but it was no laughing matter now. The popular press had called their search, the search for the God particle. They had found that sure enough. But it was no loving God, this god wasn’t going to solve our problems, answer our questions offer an everlasting afterlife. Feynman knew the tiny subatomic black hole would grow from something so small, so infinitesimally tiny it couldn’t be seen with a microscope to something that, in time would devour everything. Every forest, every house, every school, man woman and child would all go. Every particle that made this world this existence, this life would go. Not now, not tomorrow but in time and it was starting now. He had to tell them. How to cite Coursework The Great Experiment, Papers

Hacking Common Forms of Cybercrime

Questions: 1. What are the potential issues from hacking attacks? 2. How secure are our financial systems? 3. How can we trace criminal activity? Answers: 1. Hacking is one of the most common forms of cybercrime in the present days. The White hat is a term that is used to describe a special type of hackers, who have the ability to discover the weakness in a security system (Brown, 2015). This will help the owner of the security system to fix the security system and thereby prevent hacking. The internet is one of the essential requirements of daily life and it helps in the purpose of collection of data and also communication. The Large amount of classified and sensitive information is transferred using the internet, which attract the cyber criminals to hack into the web system and steal this valuable information. With the help of the hacked information, the hackers can target to destroy the main system of an organization. They can also gain access to personal information like email password and bank account details. Hence, the hackers will gain the power to make online financial transaction on behalf of the account holder. The white hat hackers can help an organization by identifying the loopholes that exist in the online security system. These hackers use their hacking skills to expose the vulnerable areas so that it is possible to prevent the attack of the malicious hackers. Nevertheless, the white hat hackers can misuse their skills and compromise the security of business firms. They can also violate the terms of ethics of hacking (Johnson, 2014). 2. The financial institutes in Australia that includes all the major banks use long term online security solutions to protect all forms financial transactions. Identifying the level of risk that is associated with the help of the white hat hackers is the primary steps to increase the level of security. The banks have also adopted strong level of authentication with the help of complex password and usernames. Moreover, the one-time password system has made it difficult for the black hat hackers to trace the password and personal information. The white hat hackers regularly explore the advanced techniques to update the internet security software. Finally, increasing the awareness level of the customers is also a vital step that has been adopted by all the major financial institutes of Australia. 3. In order to track the malicious hackers, the white hat hackers need to trace the IP address of the hackers. The Linux commands that have been designed by the online security experts is the best way to identify the origin of the hackers. It is only possible for a hacker to track the exact location of another hacker. Hence, all the financial and business organizations need to employ white hat hackers, who have the ability to design online security software (Brown, 2015). The white hat hackers play a significant role to protect all the financial and business institutes from the adverse effects of cyber crime. With the help of advanced online security software, they can prevent the malicious hackers and also trace their origins. It is the duty of the government to implement strict laws against the hackers so that it is possible to reduce the total number of cyber crimes. Reference Brown, C. (2015). White or Black Hat? An Economic Analysis of Computer Hacking. Johnson, M. (2014). White and Black Hat Hackers: Re-evaluating the" Hacker" Community and Ethic.

My Personal Theory free essay sample

My Personal Theory of Counseling Kristen Bellows University of Texas at San Antonio My Personal Theory of Counseling Perhaps nothing is as significant to the success of the therapeutic process and nothing represents the foundation of successful therapy more than ones personal theory of counseling. All individuals in all aspects of life work from some belief system, perspective, or model of how the world works, how things are, and how things interact. Developing a deep understanding of ones own personal theory leads to better decision-making with respect to the therapeutic process, including therapist approach and client interaction. Such an understanding also promotes a greater ability to intervene more effectively with clients whose values are in contrast to ones own. Being aware of ones own personal theory of the world and, subsequently, ones view of counseling, also helps the therapist identify individual strengths and areas for improvement. We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The personal orientation of the therapist is a sum total of many influences such as interests, self-awareness, experience, values, and compassion for others, among many other things. Such influences have a direct impact on ones personal theory of counseling. For instance, my Christian upbringing, experiences, and beliefs have a significant impact on my personal view of the world and others and, therefore, also on my theory of counseling. My religious beliefs and values coincide with some therapeutic approaches and not others. In this paper I delve into my recent introspective and reflective explorations as well as the experiences and lessons I have learned throughout my life which has led me to embrace and adopt the particular theory of  counseling I believe suits me the most at this time. Of all the theories I have learned for the duration of this class, none has resonated with me as much as Existentialism. While I have a tremendous reverence for psychoanalysis and its focus on examining the causal factors behind one’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors i. e. one’s past/childhood, the unconscious, as well as its contribution of key concepts to counseling such as transference and countertransference, I am a bit unsettled by the deterministic and rigid view this approach takes of human nature. I connect much more deeply to the philosophies of  existentialism: the emphasis it places on an authentic and genuine encounter with clients, its recognition and respect for the client’s subjective world, trust in the capacity of the client to make positive decisions and the concepts it focuses on in counseling such as meaning, purpose, freedom, responsibility, choice, isolation, death concepts that relate to our mere existing in the world and the larger scheme of life. I tend to shy away from the theories such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, feminist therapy, and gestalt therapy, which are very technique-oriented, exercise-driven, directive in approach, and simply require too much action on the therapist’s behalf. I feel these theories do not allow much of the client’s pursuits and search for meaning in life to come through or at least, it is not the major focus of therapy. I do recognize that for some clients these other therapies may be useful, which is why I do not discredit nor dislike them; I just feel that they do not mesh with who I am personally and are not as inherent to my way of  being as much as the precepts of existentialism are. Personally, I hope to find out my purpose in life and contribute something meaningful to the world. Over the few months of self-reflection, I realize that I simply get great joy through serving others and helping them in any way I can. I am more concerned with creating a meaningful identity and relationships with others as I recognize the limits to my existence. I know that one day, I, as well as everyone else will die, and I therefore have a longing to make the most of my time on earth and the time spent with others filled with less conflict and more harmony and love. To me, love is the ultimate gift in this world, and I think it is one of the most powerful gifts that I possess and would like to share with everyone. I always believe there is something good to love in everyone and don’t believe in categorizing people as good or bad, healthy or unhealthy. I don’t believe that one’s existence is fixed or that people are tied to their  past. I think we are always re-creating ourselves and making sense of each moment of the life we live. Perhaps I relate so well to the concepts of existentialism also because it explores basic dimensions of the human condition, particularly death, which closely ties in with religion. Religion, namely that of the Baptist religion, has played a large role in my life. It has helped me make sense of life and been a moral compass in most regards. The parallel I see drawn between the Baptist religion and existentialism in terms of death occurs when I think about the Lenten season and something the priest says on Ash Wednesday: Remember man that thou art dust and unto dust thou shalt return. † This act reminds me of our mortality, similarly to how the existentialist perspective tries to allow us to grasp the inevitability of death. Death to me is not something I try to avoid thinking about. It is something that I am very aware of and has had a marked impact on my life. I am constantly seeking a life full of zest, meaning, and one that is filled with love and service to others. In this search, I have experienced the existential anxiety that comes from some of the inevitable conditions of simply being alive. That is, loneliness, finiteness and freedom of choice all bring up a certain amount of anxiety in me, yet I use this anxiety as reason to make changes in my life. After I graduated with my degree in psychology in 2003, I worked for a while in a school setting. Working in the school especially caused a lot of  anxiety in me because I constantly felt that I was not living up to my potential. I just felt as though the job I was doing was a means to no end. My view on work is that it should not be just a job, but rather a career, a lifestyle, something that you are proud to call your profession. It has helped me make sense of what I am called to do and given my life a purpose. I am happy with the path I am on right now. As an existentialist, therapy would also be structured around increasing a client’s self-awareness. This is important because we need to be aware of our capacities in order to exercise freedom and live as fully as possible. I would try to especially help clients take responsibility for  their lives instead of passively letting circumstances and external forces direct their future. I would try to point out how it would be an inauthentic way of living if one subsumes the role of a victim instead of exercising the freedom that they possess. I strongly believe that we can create and shape our lives and rise to the challenges that it may present us with. In saying all this, I would not take a directive stance in expressing these opinions, as in doing so, I would be making decisions and choices for the client that they might not choose to accept. I would rather challenge them to explore how they have been living in the past that has prompted them to seek therapy today and help them discover new ways of living that will lead to a change in their situation. A large part of therapy as well would include helping clients trust in themselves to find the answers, rather than look to others to direct them. Ultimately, we are alone. As cynical as it may sound, we did come into the world alone and we will die alone. We of course depend on our  human relationships with others and connecting with others is very important, however, we must be able to function as our own person firstly and form our own identity in order to relate healthily to others. One cannot rely all the time on others for the answers and depend upon them for their happiness. In therapy, when clients try to do the same of me as a therapist, in order to break this pattern, I would explain to them that there is no easy answer and that they alone have the capability to find the right answer. In therapy, I would also try to provide the space for clients to find meaning in their life by asking questions that help them explore whether or not they are content with their current life, and who they are becoming, as well as helping them establish values that they will need to adopt in order to live a life that is meaningful to them. I would also be sure to talk frankly about the reality of death. Ignoring the topic of death makes its presence even stronger than if one were to confront it. In doing this, that is, addressing a fear that seems overwhelming to explore, a client is also opened up to experiencing life in a more authentic way. Along with the goals of exploring anxiety, self-awareness, death, freedom and responsibility, and a meaningful life, the relationship between the client and me is of central prominence. Our therapeutic encounter will be the activator of positive change and it requires honesty and authenticity of me as well, in order to join the client in their subjective experience. I believe as a therapist, it will take a lot of courage, respect and faith in the client’s ability to grow and reach greater heights and it is important that I am fully present to the client in our  encounters. Although right now I am solely focusing on the existential approach to therapy, I believe that later on as I see a variety of clients, I may need to adapt certain interventions or  techniques from other theories that might be suitable for a particular client. However, I believe my main assumptions and goals for clients will remain in line with that of existentialism. The existential theory of counseling appears to be an appropriate theoretical base to use in counseling because it fits my style of counseling. It is supportive of the client finding meaning in life, which resolves the existential anxiety many people are feeling today. In addition the existential philosophy supports clients’ spiritual growth but likewise can be used with a secular approach as well. In the same way I would evaluate a client’s success on the basis of whether they have been able to find a purposeful existence through the discovery of their  strengths, their own freedom of choice etc. , is how I would evaluate myself personally and as a counselor. Can I live authentically? Can I create a life of meaning? Can I sit with ambivalence and anxiety? Can I make my own choices without having to depend on others? Can I face my fears rather than live a restricted existence? I do not have all the answers to these questions thus far, but they are important questions to me that I am always trying to answer. They are questions which I will probably always be asking myself as I re-evaluate and re-discover myself, but one thing I have realized thus far that is true for me, is that love is the highest goal to which I aspire. I wish to serve others and bring about change in others in counseling through this vessel. References Seligman, L. , Reichenberg, L. W. (2010). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies, and Skills (3rd ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

Biography of Genghis Khan, Founder of the Mongol Empire

Biography of Genghis Khan, Founder of the Mongol Empire Genghis Khan (c. 1162–August 18, 1227) was the legendary founder and leader of the Mongol Empire. In a span of just 25 years, his horsemen conquered a larger area and greater population than the Romans did in four centuries. To the millions of people conquered by his hordes, Genghis Khan was evil incarnate; in Mongolia and Central Asia, however, he was widely revered. Fast Facts: Genghis Khan Known For: Khan was the founder and leader of the Mongol Empire.Also Known As: TemujinBorn: c. 1162 in Delun-Boldog, MongoliaDied: August 18, 1227, in Yinchuan,  Western XiaSpouse(s): Borje, Khulan, Yesugen, Yesulun (plus others)Children: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Tolui (plus others) Early Life Records of the Great Khans early life are sparse and contradictory. He was likely born in 1162, though some sources say 1155 or 1165. We know that the boy was given the name Temujin. His father Yesukhei was the chief of the minor Borijin clan of nomadic Mongols, who lived by hunting rather than herding or farming. Yesukhei had kidnapped Temujins young mother, Hoelun, as she and her first husband were riding home from their wedding. She became Yesukheis second wife; Temujin was his second son by just a few months. Mongol legend claims that the baby was born with a blood clot in his fist, a sign that he would be a great warrior. Hardship and Captivity When Temujin was nine, his father took him to a neighboring tribe to work for several years and earn a bride. His intended wife was a slightly older girl named Borje. On the way home, Yesukhei was poisoned by rivals and died. Temujin returned to his mother, but the clan expelled Yesukheis two widows and seven children, leaving them to die. The family survived by eating roots, rodents, and fish. Young Temujin and his full brother Khasar grew to resent their eldest half-brother Begter. They killed him and as punishment for the crime, Temujin was seized as a slave. His captivity may have lasted for more than five years. Youth Set free at age 16, Temujin went to find Borje again. She was still waiting for him and they soon married. The couple used her dowry, a fine sable-fur coat, to make an alliance with Ong Khan of the powerful Kereyid clan. Ong Khan accepted Temujin as a foster son. This alliance proved key, as Hoeluns Merkid clan decided to avenge her long-ago kidnapping by stealing Borje. With the Kereyid army, Temujin raided the Merkids, looting their camp and reclaiming Borje.  Temujin also had help in the raid from his childhood blood-brother Jamuka, who would later become a rival. Borjes first son Jochi was born nine months later. Consolidation of Power After rescuing Borje, Temujins small band stayed with Jamukas group for several years. Jamuka soon asserted his authority, rather than treating Temujin as a brother, which started a two-decade feud between the 19-year-olds. Temujin left the camp, along with many of Jamukas followers and livestock. At the age of 27, Temujin held a kurultai (tribal council) among the Mongols, who elected him khan. The Mongols were only a Kereyid sub-clan, however, and Ong Khan played Jamuka and Temujin off one another. As Khan, Temujin awarded high office not just to his relatives, but to those followers who were most loyal to him. Unification of the Mongols In 1190, Jamuka raided Temujins camp, cruelly horse-dragging and even boiling alive his captives, which turned many of his followers against him.  The united Mongols soon defeated the neighboring Tatars and Jurchens, and Temujin Khan assimilated their people rather than follow the steppe custom of looting them and leaving. Jamuka attacked Ong Khan and Temujin in 1201. Despite suffering an arrow shot to the neck, Temujin defeated and assimilated Jamukas remaining warriors. Ong Khan then treacherously tried to ambush Temujin at a wedding ceremony for Ongs daughter and Jochi, but the Mongols escaped and returned to conquer the Kereyids. Early Conquests The unification of Mongolia ended in 1204 when Temujin defeated the powerful Naiman clan. Two years later, another kurultai confirmed him as Genghis Khan or universal leader of all Mongolia.  Within five years, the Mongols had annexed much of Siberia and what is today the modern Chinese Xinjiang province. The Jurched Dynasty, ruling northern China from Zhongdu (Beijing), noticed the upstart Mongol khan and demanded that he kowtow to its Golden Khan. In reply, Genghis Khan spat on the ground.  He then defeated their tributaries, the Tangut, and in 1214 he conquered the Jurchens and their 50 million citizens. The Mongol army numbered just 100,000. Conquests of Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Caucasus Tribes as far away as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan heard about the Great Khan and overthrew their Buddhist rulers in order to join his growing empire. By 1219, Genghis Khan ruled from northern China to the Afghan border  and from Siberia to the border of Tibet. He sought a trade alliance with the powerful Khwarizm Empire, which controlled Central Asia from Afghanistan to the Black Sea. Sultan Muhammad II agreed, but then murdered the first Mongol trade convoy of 450 merchants, stealing their goods. Before the end of that year, the wrathful Khan had captured every Khwarizm city, adding lands from Turkey to Russia to his realm. Death In 1222, the 61-year-old Khan called a family kurultai to discuss the matter of succession. His four sons disagreed over which should become the Great Khan. Jochi, the eldest, was born soon after Borjes kidnapping and might not have been Genghis Khans son, so the second son Chagatai challenged his right to the title. As a compromise, the third son Ogodei became the successor. Jochi died in February 1227, six months before his father, who passed away on August 18, 1227. Ogodei took East Asia, which would become Yuan China. Chagatai claimed Central Asia. Tolui, the youngest, took Mongolia proper. Jochis sons controlled Russia and Eastern Europe. Legacy After Genghis Khans secret burial on the steppes of Mongolia, his sons and grandsons continued to expand the Mongol Empire. Ogodeis son Kublai Khan defeated the Song rulers of China in 1279 and established the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan would rule all of China until 1368. Meanwhile, Chagatai pushed south from his Central Asian holdings, conquering Persia. Within Mongolia, Genghis Khan revolutionized the social structure and reformed traditional law. His was an egalitarian society, in which the humblest slave could rise to be an army commander if he showed skill or bravery. War booty was divided evenly among all warriors, regardless of social status. Unlike most rulers of the time, Genghis Khan trusted loyal followers above his own family members- which contributed to the difficult succession as he aged. The Great Khan forbade the kidnapping of women, probably due in part to his wifes experience, but also because it led to warfare among different Mongol groups. He outlawed livestock rustling for the same reason and established a winter-only hunting season to preserve game for the hardest of times. Contrary to his ruthless and barbaric reputation in the west, Genghis Khan promulgated several enlightened policies that would not become common practice in Europe until centuries later. He guaranteed freedom of religion, protecting the rights of Buddhists, Muslims, Christians, and Hindus alike. Genghis Khan himself worshiped the sky, but he forbade the killing of priests, monks, nuns, mullahs, and other holy people. A 2003 DNA study revealed that about 16 million men in the former Mongol Empire, about 8% of the male population, carry a genetic marker that developed in one family in Mongolia about 1,000 years ago. The most likely explanation is that they are descended from Genghis Khan or his brothers. Sources Craughwell, Thomas. The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khans Mongols Almost Conquered the World. Fair Winds Press, 2010.Djang, Sam. Genghis Khan: World Conqueror, Vols. I and II. New Horizon Books, 2011.Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. Three Rivers Press, 2004.

Statuses and roles correspond (Sociology) Research Paper

Statuses and roles correspond (Sociology) - Research Paper Example Status is important since along with it are the different set of rights, obligations and roles of an individual is defined. While ascribed status is more of an association with your family and your group, race or economic standing, achieved status is more of an effort of the individual and is more fluid and changes over time. My own status as a middle-class individual or part of the common people is associated with my financial standing in the society. Living in a foreign land, my status as a foreigner gives me a reputation that I am not one of the people in this land and that I may seem different. Though through time, I have gained the status as a student and a manicurist, the roles and responsibilities assigned to be are limited by my ascribed status. Being a student also limits my roles, responsibilities and opportunities since I have yet to go up the status ladder. I believe that my master status right now is being a foreigner in this land, being a different nationality and being an employed student. The ascribed and achieved status that I have been assigned to is how the society sees me and in turn, the status I am in is how the society expects me to act and work with the flow of the